2+Transatlantic+Encounters+and+Colonial+Beginnings,+1492-1690


 * 2: Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 1492-1690**
 * a) First European contacts with American Indians **
 * spanish explorers in the new world were on search for gold and wanted to enslave indians
 * Cortez encountered the aztec empire of mexico and cuba and lostt eh first fight; but exposed the indians to small pox which to their win
 * spanish continued to exterminate the natives in order to take land to build their empire


 * b) Spain’s empire in North America **
 * first age was discovery and exploration (Columbus + 20 yrs after (found lots of gold and silver)
 * second age was the conquistadores defeating the indian empires with battle and diseases
 * theird age = 1570s = the ordinances of dicovery (end of brutality, instead colonization)
 * catholic was mandatory religoun so spanish missionaries were set u to forcefully convert natives
 * St. Augustine = first military headquarters
 * goverment didn't come directly from throne, but was local
 * inter racial marriage + exchangement (agriculture)


 * c) French colonization of Canada **
 * french settle in Quebec in 1608
 * population grew slow
 * close relations and trading with Indians b/c they styed on the coast
 * coureurs de bois, fur trades who went out into the wilderness and had partnerships with natives
 * montreal = first military center that had alliance wih natives (comp w/ England)
 * d) English settlement of New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, and the South **
 * merchants were granted charters from the king which gave them a company for monopoly for trading ina certain regin
 * belief in mercantilism (nation = economy, not indivisuals)
 * first english settlement = jamestown, 1607
 * the growth in new england occured b/c of commercial companies and several religions trying to escape the church of england
 * settlemnet in the south occured due to the colonies in need of miltgary protection from spanish colonies below them
 * attaining the middle grounds was a battle against the indians; as a balance of power shifted the indians were removed
 * navigation acts restricted colonial trade to only English ships + importsto America had to pass thru england first
 * colonies moved south which = slaves +plantations


 * e) From servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake region **
 * many of those who immigrated to america were young men and women who worked as indentured servants and were granted their freedom after many yrs
 * the middle passage brought over 11 million africans to the new world
 * slave traders more important in southern regions in the new world than in new england
 * but then plantations grew in southern colonies(agricultural growth)
 * slave codes limited the rights of blacks and made it so only one thing determined determines slavery 9skin color)


 * f) Religious diversity in the American colonies **
 * Martin Luther challenged catholic beliefs which created the protestant relgoun - said go spoke through bible not priests;
 * John Calvin challenged church by belief of predestination
 * Anne Hutchinson - challenged puritan traditions
 * quakers of Pennsylvania "trembled at the name of god" + rejected predestination +original sin
 * many colonies were founded for a religioun just like commercial influence inspired other groups
 * all the religious groups not accepted in england wanted freedom of religion so they went to US= diversity of relgouns in the colonies
 * anti Catholicism and anti Judaism due to their small population


 * g) Resistance to colonial authority: Bacon’s Rebellion, the Glorious Revolution, and the Pueblo Revolt **
 * Bacon's Rebellion: three Indians killed a white servant in Virginia, Nathaniel Bacon defied govt officials and struck back at the Indians, he was proclaimed a rebel; showed how strong the tensions b/w whites and natives were
 * Glorious Revolution: James II made catholic the official and mandatory religion of England, when his daughter Mary and William of Orange took the throne (protestant)
 * Pueblo Revolt: the pueblo revolt of 1680 was when the natives revolted against the spanish; the spanish colonial govt tried to stop the native rituals; Pope a pueblo leader responded by killing hundreds of Europeans and drove them out of the region for 12 yrs