Unit+7

Chapter 27 Questions
**1. In what ways was America involved in WWII before being bombed at Pearl Harbor? To what extent did this involvement match the “official” foreign policy of the time?**

America was fairly involved in WW2 before the bombing of Pearl Harbor by offering loans and armaments to the allied powers, which to a large extent contradicted its official position. The US was looking to avoid war when the world looked as if it was about to experience another world war. In 1935, 1936, and 1937 the US declared neutrality. But this was not entirely true. Due to the fall of France public opinion greatly shifted sides because now that their allies were felling, Americans believed that the war might soon affect them. They were also aiding Britain as well as other nations with weapons. They passed the Lend Lease system which was an official promise that allies of America would pay for or return all weapons aided by the United States. The US made an this agreement firstly with Britain and later with the Soviet Union. There was also the Atlantic Charter which was an informal secret agreement that the US would join the war to end the war and end Hitler and the Nazis.

** 2. What were the steps that led the U.S. to declare war and become officially involved in WWII (include dates when available)? **

There were a number of steps leading the US to join world war 2, including tensions over loan payment, violations of the treaty of Versailles and aggressive actions by the axis powers, American support of the allies, and the culminating bombing of pearl harbor by Japan. Several big European powers were in debt to the US because of World 1. Even after agreements between the nations, nothing was solved because all that was decided upon was circular loans. The US gave Germany loans o pay Britain and France, who gave that money to pay the US. So in the end the US was left with only the money they started out with. Germany Also Hitler broke the Munich agreement he made, stating he wouldn't expand any further in Czechoslovakia. The Axis was being aggressive including Japan invading China and Hitler and Mussolini conquering countries including Poland, France, Belgium and many others. What really caused America to join the War was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, a US military base in Hawaii. this was the first direct attack on the US by any of the axis powers. As soon as this happened, FDR declared War.

** 3. What is the difference between isolationism and limited American internationalism? In what ways was America practicing limited American internationalism in the years between the world wars? **

In the lead up to join WWII, America practiced limited internationalism by providing assistance to its Allies and implementation of the cash-carry and lend-lease programs. This was different from isolationism because it showed involvement, whereas isolationism would be a complete lack of involvement in foreign conflict. During the 1930s the US was preoccupied with their own Great Depression to even put any focus on international affairs and the international depression surrounding them. But as the economy improved and europium conflicts developed, the US became a little more generous. They were not willing to join the war but did offer aid to their allies. For example they passed they passed Cash and Carry policy which allowed allies to buy weapons from the US. After the fall of France thy eased up even more passing the Lend- Lease Policy. This was a promise between the US and Britain that they would return or later pay fro any weapons given by the US. This agreement wa also made by the US with the Soviet Union after they were invaded by Germany.

** 4) 4. What were Italy, Germany, and Japan doing to put the world on a path toward another war? **

Italy, Germany, and Japan were on a path of conquering count5ries which put the World on a path toward another World War. After the first war. several countries had made treaties and leagues of peace to prevent another war. The world had also had an unwritten agreement that imperialism was wrong and that all the countries that existed were fine the way they were. But the Axis powers worked against all of this. They were three countries full of dictators, Hitler the greatest and most powerful who was ultimately out to take over the World. With the help of Italy and Japan he took over several European powers like France, Belgium, Denmark, and Czechoslovakia. Japan on the other hand invaded China trying to conquer sections as well attempting to conquer the pacific as the rest of the world was preoccupied with Germany. there was also the moral concept including many countries not agreeing with what Hitler was doing: murdering hundreds of thousand of Jews as well as dictatorship in general. These were power hungry nations who were into quite the opposite than the rest of the world, which led to a world War.

Chapter 27 Top Ten

 * **Kellogg Briand Pact:** France asked US to ally with them to attack Germany but instead of accepting created peace treaty between nations that outlawed wars; more than 500 countries eventually signed
 * **Circular Loans:** US gave bug loans to Germany to pay off compensation with Britain and France; Britain and France used the money to pay debts to US; didn't solve anything because US money traveled in a circle back to them
 * **Manchuria:** China wanted to expand gov't power into Manchuria which was officially theirs but had been Japan had control of for many years; Japan military took charge over gov;t and invaded China
 * **Neutrality Acts:** US declared neutral to any upcoming war; said they felt pressured into first world war
 * **Munich Conference;** meeting between Hitler, and leaders of France and Britain; gave him the land he wanted in Czechoslovakia if he agreed not to try to conquer any farther
 * **Fall of France:** Germany attacked from the north and their new allies Italy from the North which led to the fall of the french nation
 * **Shifting Public Opinion:** Fall of France changed the isolationist opinions about war; due to fall of France believed that war might affect them
 * **Lend lease Policy;** promise between US and their allies that they would return or later pay for the US weapons; first made with Britain and the Soviet Union
 * **Atlantic Charter:** FDR and British prime minster secretly met at Church Hill; 'joint strategy" saying both countries shared "common principles" to create a "better world'; secretly saying US was going to join war to end the Nazi cause once and for all
 * **Pearl harbor:** Japan attacked Pearl Harbor Hawaii which killed 200 people a well as destroyed numerous vessels, ships, and air crafts; cause US to declare war on Japan and enter WW2

Japan's pearl harbor attack brought the US into the war - mainly fought in the pacific against japan without allies US wanted to scare the soviet union; cold war= fight against the spread of communism

Chapter 28 Questions

 * 1) In what places did the U.S. fight WWII? What were some of the key details of the fighting in these locations? **

The US fought in several places during WW2 especially the pacific where the Japanese were located as well as Europe where their allies were at war with Germany and Italy. One important battle lasted 4 days, June 3-6, 1942 at the Midway Islands which are northwest of Hawaii. The US experienced come great losses during this battle but came through to win. They were able to regain control of the central pacific territory. Also in Aug. 1942, the US invaded 3 islands: Guadalcanal, Gavutu, and Tulagi in the southern pacific. The US was now making their way to the Philippines and was now on the offensive side. In the winter of 1942-1943 the red army caused hug blows to the German army which convinced FDR to invade Sicily with allies. D-Day, took laces on the morning of June 6, 1944 the US was able to completely remove the Germans from the British canal coast. The battle of the Bulge is famous for being Germany's last victory of the war when they stopped the offensive allies with their strong line of offense. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was when the US successfully recaptured the Philippines and were finally at Japan's mainland left with a decision of bombing or attacking. The battle of Okinawa showed that the Japanese military wasn't ready to give up, they desperately sent suicide planes at US ships. On Aug. 6 and Aug 9, the US dropped 2 nuclear bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki which led to the surrender of the Japanese in WW2.
 * Europe, pacific, and north aftrica
 * Radar and sonar tracked german ships (took away surprise element
 * 2) How did the American people and the American government react to early news of the Holocaust? **
 * 2) How did the American people and the American government react to early news of the Holocaust? **

The American government and the American people reacted differently when they were aware of the Holocaust and genocide of millions of European Jews. The government knew as early as 1942 but was hesitant to interfere or help the Jews. When the American public became aware they pressured the government to do something, but no such event happened. There were missions including bombing just miles sway from the largest death camp, located in Poland and named Auschwitz. The US refused to bomb the camps or even bomb the railroad lines that led to them. Not only did the US not help the Jews ion Europe, it also resisted them entering the countries, not wanting such a large number of Jews to enter the country at once. Jews who had escaped were refused entrance into the country and were forced to return to Europe. In those years during the war, 90% of the immigration visas were unused. The argument of the US was that bombing the camps would kill even more Jews and that the only solution to helping the was to concentrate and win the war.


 * 3) In what ways was American home front mobilization during WWII similar to that of WWI? To what extent did this mobilization during WWII help end the Great Depression? USE KEY TERMS! **

Just like in WW1, the US came into the war when their allies were in deep need of weapons, money, and soldiers. Both wars were similar because the US provided these needs to Britain and other allies. What WW2 did do tat helped America was end the Great Depression. This was due to several factors including labor shortage and wartime production. De o so many men joining the military during a time in which the world was in deep need of soldiers, the unemployment issue as solved. Not only were there enough jobs for white men again, but also women, Africans Americans and Mexican Americans. There was also a high demand for weaponry buy the allies and the US concentrated on making those rather than consumer goods. Because their were less luxury items being made, Americans were able to save their money rather than spend it on leisure. Not only did the US help the war effort directly through weapons and soldiers but they also did through technology and science. Through inventions they were able to decipher Japanese secret codes that included their attacks and plans for the war. They also were active in nuclear science, by experimenting with nuclear bombs.
 * Similar because women had to take over the jobs
 * Commitment of the citizens to the war effort
 * War production board and the War Industries Board
 * 4) Describe the situation for African Americans and women during WWII. **
 * 4) Describe the situation for African Americans and women during WWII. **

During the war African American and Women achieved important gains that helped them raise their status and role in American life. Due to the labor shortage that was occurring because of so may men fighting the war both groups were able to attain jobs in the work field. One specific African American named A. Phillip Randolph proposed a march on Washington for equal rights. FDR waned to avoid this so he promised Randolph that he would create the FEPC(Fair Employment Practices Commission which investigated the unfair treatment and discrimination of blacks in the workplace. Also their as a demand for jobs in war plants which led to a migration of rural blacks to the northern industrial cities. There was also the CORE( Congress of Racial Equality) which challenged the war system of segregation through demonstrations and sit-ins . Within the military as well the racial pattern was slowly disappearing. The black leaders of this times putting the beginning work which would later lead to the civil rights movement. Women during the war were exposed to new jobs and roles that went against traditional customs and traditions. Their was a extremely large increase in women employment, 60% which was one third of the American workforce. Women entered industrial jobs that were kept as domestic nut some women entered heavier industrial jobs that ﻿were considered “men’s work.” This image was called “Rosie the Riveter.” Women were also now involved in government agency jobs in which they were separated from men by living in women communities. Do to women working and no husbands around their was no one to look after the children. For both social groups, their were good economic times and gained took place when all the white men were way at war.


 * 5) Describe the situation for Native Americans and Mexican Americans during WWII. **

During the war Native Americans and Mexicans Americans became more mixed with white society which led to gains but also conflicts. Native Americans were hired by the government to work in military communications by speaking in heir own languages. This way, no axis country was able to intrude or understand phone conversations. Some joined the military for the first time and others worked in war plants. But these industrial jobs were only available during the war so after. Any returned to their reservations. The national unity wave even reached native Americans. This led to less support of the Indian Reorganization Act and more pressure for native Americans to assimilate into society. Mexican Americans also began working ion the war plants and factories. Mexican Americans became the second greatest migration group in the US and this caused tension between them and white society. In Los Angeles Mexican American gangs evolved from teenagers. They wore all white suits often referred to as “zoot suits” which became a symbol for rebellion and were even banned. In June 1943 a fight broke out between zoot suitors and white sailors. The police did nothing to interfere until the Mexican American retaliated and fought back. This shows how when an immigration group enters the US enters the US in such a large number, white Americans became fearful because they don’t want to be outnumbered. This leads to discrimination and prejudice, just like with African Americans.


 * 6) Describe and evaluate the situation for Japanese Americans and the changing relationship between the U.S. and China during WWII. **

During the war Americans were very accepting of people who shared ancestry with the axis including Italian Americans and German Americans. This was because they believed it was a government problem within the country not the people. But there was one group who received the opposite of sympathy; the Japanese. Pearl Harbor created an American hate for the Japanese and outrageous rumors about Japanese Americans to spread. One of these rumors was that Japanese American in California somehow helped their country attack Pearl Harbor. This was also due to the minority of the group. There were only a small groups of Japanese Americans in the US, approximately 127,000 people. All of these factors led to the creation of the WRA (War Relocation Authority in which over 100,000 Japanese Americans were put into government camps in the mountains and the desert similar to Indian reservations. This could also be compared in a less extreme way, like the concentration camps Hitler created accept these people were not killed. Te point of these camps was to ‘Americanize’ them but the reality is, it only separated them more from American society and caused even more racial conflict. The attitude towards the Chinese who were now US allies were entirely different than the Japanese. The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed and Chinese immigrants were once again allowed to immigrate and become citizens. The racial discrimination against them didn’t just disappear right away, but it slowly began to over time. The Chinese began moving away from their isolated Chinatowns and into American society.
 * China and US hada common enemy: Japan
 * Internment camps (japanese americans)


 * 7) What were the key events that led to victory for America and its allies in Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific? How did American leaders and forces particularly contribute to these key victories? USE KEY TERMS! **

By the middle of 1943 the US and it's allied were no on the offensive side in the war and stopped the axis from advancing any farther in both Europe and in the pacific. Through strategic bombing the US and its allies were able to destroy major axis industrial centers that were the suppliers of their weapons. D-Day, the morning of June 6, 1944, the US and allies were successful at completely removing Germany from the coast. Germany was defeated on both European fronts and with the help of the Soviet Union and Britain the US was able to march it's way into Berlin. Before they arrived Hitler committed suicide knowing his run was over. With their dictator gone, the German government surrendered. In the Battle of Leyte the US took back the Philippines and was no at Japan's mainland. Now they were faced with the decision of attacking or bombing the last country in war. Japan showed that they were not giving up just yet. In the battle of Okinawa in which they sent suicide planes at US ships during the night. The US made the decision of bombing Japan at Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945. Three days later they dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki which led to Japanese surrender and the end of World War 2.


 * Ch 28 Top Ten **
 * **America Unified:** the anger and the resentment of US citizens towards the Japanese because of pearl harbor caused a large public support for the war/ many eager to join the military
 * **Official Anti Semitism:** The US was aware of the Holocaust but resisted helping the Jews even though their plane missions were nearby Auschwitz; refused to bomb railroads that led to the camps; refused large groups of Jews into the country at one time, sent back to Europe; 90% of the visas allowed per year were unused
 * **Radar and Sonar:** US and Britain physicists were able to advance/improve sonar and radar technology; able to locate German ships and submarines which took away the surprise tactic; upper hand in navy
 * **Mexican Americans:** 1st time they were able to get factory jobs; second largest immigrant group in US; cased tensions with whites; zoo suitors were Mexican American teenagers in gangs who wore all white suits; became illegal to wear
 * **"Rosie the Riveter":** due to labor shortage especially in white males, female employment rose by 60% and took on more heavy work men's industrial work
 * **Anti Japanese Prejudice:** Pearl Harbor created prejudice against Japanese; rumors spread that they helped the Pearl Harbor attack; sent away to isolated camps in mountains/desserts to become "Americanized"
 * **Chinese exclusion Act Repealed:** attitudes during war changed because china was China's ally who both were enemies of Japan; could now get jobs and citizens, moves out of Chinatowns and into white society
 * **Battle of the Bulge:** German held a strong line of defense against US and forced them 55 miles back; considered Germany's last victory of the war
 * **Battle of Leyte Gulf;** US took back the Philippines from Japan; entire Japanese fleet against allies was the biggest naval engagement in military history; now were i reach of Japan's mainland
 * **Hiroshima and Nagasaki:** Hiroshima bomb on Aug. 6, 1945 and Nagasaki 3 days later; killed over 100,000 people and led to the surrender of Japan

The Cold War Begins

 * cold war US vs USSR(Soviet Union -communists and dictatorship) big powers of conflict - oher countries would be involved
 * americans were anti communists WHY? (believed in deomcratic capitalism)
 * soviet union became communist in 1917 (bolshevik revolution - communist revolution in which russia dropped out of WW1 - peace land and bread - communists take over for equality for suffering nation)
 * Soviet Union and Stalin wanted Britian, France, US to get involved on eastern fromt fight against germany during WW2
 * Polish dispute after war (commnist or not gov't)


 * US Capitalism: ** economic system in which production (supply amd demand, competition) is made for profit through private businesses(not gov't); the US practices both free market (lezzifaire) and mxed economy because the gov't the econmy is made up of both public and private works with some amount of restrictions and regulations and help(food stamps and unemployment) by the gov't (taxes tariffs) - american govt: tax, rules, and regulations for business - [not PURE capitalism]
 * US Democracy: ** a system of political organization win in which people elect REPRESENATIVES based on their own interests and protect the civil rights of citizens ; US has three branches to keep equal contol (checks and balances) - president, congress(senate and house, supreme court) - the people rule in a "filtered democracy"
 * USSR Dictatorship: ** political system of gov't in which a nation is ruled by one person - believed in a socialist/communist political appraoch in which gov't regulated nation and economy
 * USSR Communism: ** an economic system in which everyone is made equal - have same money laknd and profit; private intersts not permitted without gov't supervison

Chapter 29 Top Ten

 * **United Nations:** international organization made up of a general national assembly with a member representing the US, Britina, France, Soviet Union, China; would avoid another world war
 * **Chinag - Kai - Shek:** Chinese govt was corrupt but had popular support; national gov't had rivalry with communist army which would take over
 * **Truman Doctrine:** policy that US should help all the nations hat were resisting communism; Greece and Turkey were able to keep gov'ts and not become communist
 * **NATO:** alliance between US and western Europe that proclaimed f one nation attacked any of the others, it would be considered an attack on all of the nations; protection from soviet union
 * **Post war Labor Unrest:** inflation caused strikes in automobile, steel and electrical industries; veterans waned their jobs back which took the away from the minorities
 * **Fair Deal:** Truman's 21 point domestic program that expanded social security, raised min wage, fair employment, etc; build off of FDR's New Deal; focused on internal issues of US even though there was the red scare
 * **Syngman Rhee:** Korea was split into communist and somewhat democratic; soviet took north and US south; wiht the help of the UN, the US invaded the north and wanted to create a new korea
 * **Alger Hiss:** frmer high ranked govt official who was a communist agent for the Soviet Union; jail time and scared public that there were internal communists in the govt
 * **McCarren Internal Security Act:** congress passed a bill in which all communist organizations had to be registered and record records to the govt; activities would now be regulated
 * **McCarthyism's Appeal:** made a list of govt officials involved in communism and destroyed their careers by releasing it; list grew but he had no evidence to back it all up

Chapter 29 Questions
** 1. What is meant by “cold war?” What was the Cold War? To what extent was it cold, to what extent was it hot? ** The Cold war was a period in which the US and the USSR were in conflict about capitalism vs. communism. This began after WW2 when there was territory that needed to be made into countries with new government due to Germany's fall. Both were large and powerful country and very different when it came to government. I t was named the cold war because there were not many actual battles. Troops from both side were present in Korea and Vietnam but we mostly there is the other side wouldn't claim certain territory. There was no direct military engagement between the countries involved. It was more a war of ideas, influence, economic systems, types of government, science, space race, arms race. Both nations both had the atomic bomb figured out at this point and now they were racing in scientific development, wishing to become the most powerful of the two. ** 2. In what ways was the Cold War an outgrowth of WWII? What were the ideological differences between the U.S and the Soviet Union? How did the two sides compromise in the aftermath of WWII concerning land/government control? ** The end of WW2 created a dispute throughout all the allied nations about what to do with all the land Germany had previously concerned. Some of these allied nations were very different like the Soviet Union and the US. They shared different viewpoints about what to do with the land. The US wanted to create a new Germany tat would be united and have a democratic government. The Soviet union on the other hand, wanted Germany to be divided up so they could never be as powerful again. They also wanted a communist government put in. The main issue was the Soviet Union and the US were complete opposites when it came to politics: America practiced democratic capitalism and the Soviet Union practiced communism under a dictator. In the end, a compromise was made in which the country was divided up into four sectors that would eventually be reunited. The US controlled one territory, the USSR another and Britain and France had the other two. I the end, no date was planned for the reuniting as well as the Soviet wanted to spread communism into the other sectors. Nothing was solved, but rather postponed from several year. ** 3. What was the doctrine of containment and what was done to implement it? USE KEY TERMS! ** The Truman Doctrine, also referred to as the Containment Doctrine was an attempt by the US to stop the spread of communism and USSR expansion in the world. The Soviet Union was trying t tae control of Turkey and Greece's government. therefore Truman passed a policy in which the US would help all nations who were resisting communism. He asked from 400 million dollars so he could put military at Greek and Turkish borders which helped them defeat the communist attack. Another part of the policy included to help out Western Europe for several reasons including not letting a communist government come and take over. The government also created the Economic Cooperation Administration that flowed through on the Marshall Plan. This plan helped 16v European countries rebuild their economies and increased production by 64 percent on the continent. The US took large actions with international affairs by passing the National security Act of 1947 which changed the American military altogether There was also the creation of NATO, an alliance between europium countries in which if one nation attacked another, it would be considered an attack on all. All of this factored into the Soviet Union not advancing farther into Europe because so many countries were becoming allied against them. ** 4 What was the Fair Deal and what were its successes and failures? ** The Fair Deal was Truman's expansion of the New Deal which during recent years had died down because of WW2. Now that the war was pver, the US government could now put more focus on domestic rather than international affairs. the fair deal included 21 points for a domestic plan that would expand social security, raise minimum wage, and ensured fair employment through government help. It also improved public housing for the poor and supported scientific research for nuclear science. It was opposed by the conservative republicans because it as a liberal and democratic program. The democrats were also divided at this time because hey also didn't want to increase government spending. At the beginning congress was controlled by the republicans, which limited Truman's presidential power greatly. But when he was reelected the Fair Deal was more influential because democrats took back part of congress. Truman was able to work on segregation and discrimination issues as well as raise wages. But he failed to address nation education and health. ** 5. What was the significance of China’s communist revolution and how did it change relations between China and the U.S? ** During the War, although China and the US were very different they were able to become allies because they shred a common enemy: Japan. But after the war, there government become extremely corrupt but had public support. China Kai shek was friendly with the US but was unwilling to deal with the issues around him which would cause a change in government. His national government had a rivalry between the communist movement led by Mao Zeding, commander of the Chinese army. Mao was able to gain control of one fourth of the populatioon by the end of the war. Truman supported Chinag but soon a long vicious civil war would break out between the two internal powers. he US provided money and weapons but did not wanted to get involved with military affairs. It was obvious that the nationalist group was losing. so the US lost interest. They didn't want any relations with a now communist government so they changed heir goals. They instead focused on rebuilding Japan. the id this so that they could have at least one part of Asia to be non communist.

McCarthyism reflected the scare and paranoia within American during the Cold War. During this time Joseph Stalin, the dictator of the Soviet union was trying to spread communism throughout the war and this was the complete opposite of what America wanted. The Red Scare came about because of the loss of China and the stalemate in Korea. The Soviet Union also was bale to develop the atomic bomb which meant both sides were now equal in military knowledge and weaponry. Both were strong nation with great influence and power, and who wanted their form of government to he majority within the world. The people become paranoid that their were pro communists within their own government, so they tried to exterminate these people. Alger Hiss was one who brought truth to these accusations who was charged for being a soviet spy during the war. There was also the McCarran Internal Security Act that made it so all communists organizations and to be registered to the US government as well a publish their records. This way a close eye could kept o them. McCarthyism's Appeal was a list made be the politician reloaded without evidence, gave names of those within the government who were supposedly invaded in communism. This shows hat freedom of speech was somewhat taken away like many periods throughout US history when their was a scare. American communist supporters were the victims who had to monitor what they aid and did.
 * 6. How was McCarthyism a reflection of the times? Describe McCarthyism, the Red Scare, and the extent to which Americans’ rights were being abused. **

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Chapter 30 Questions
** 1. What were the important economic changes of the 1950s and 60s? What were the results of these changes? **  **2.** ** List the important scientific and technological advancements of the 1950s and 60s. What were the key effects of these developments? **  **3.** ** Identify and explain the key social changes of the 1950s and 60s. **
 * Money increased --> GNP increased by 25% and unemployment decreased
 * Increase in govt spending --> public buildings/interstate highway ---> ppl can travel/vacation -> development in suburban area
 * Increase in development in west(increase in automobile business)
 * Keynesian economy- appropriate govt intervention in business --> prevent recession
 * Consolidation- few controlled the industry
 * Success in $ --> labor gains(like postwar contract)
 * TV-united the country and became the lead news source over and newspapers, magazines, and the radio
 * Computers –introduced data processing
 * Antibiotics – ppl could avoid infections/sickness
 * Space shuttle – navigate and place satellites (appollo program-went to moon)
 * Salk vaccine – cure for polio which lots of kids/adults were dying from it
 * Nuclear weapons – hydrogen bomb created bigger explosion than atomic bomb
 * Automobiles- spread out pop. And created suburbs outside of cities
 * Crusade against subversion: general fear of communism (hysteria)
 * Civil rights movement- disagreements b/w whites and blacks about future of African American rights
 * Baby boom--> more kids at younger ages
 * Gender roles reinforced--> due to suburb life and parenting becoming more focused on kids futures rather than parents
 * Black migration into cities --> as whites moved out, blacks moved in( more than great migration- over 30 mill people)
 * Youth culture rock and roll- more rebellious- let go of traditions
 * 1/5 pop lived in poverty-- the other America- some were temporary poor and others stuck in position
 * Agriculture decreased b/c of city migration and farm prices decreasing (due to surplus)

** 4. To what extent was America two different societies in the 1950s and 60s (economically, socially, and racially)? ** During the 1950s America was looked upon as an increasingly affluent society with a growing economy and a prosperous middle class. This economic growth did not affect everyone and many Americans continued to live in poverty including African Americans and farmers. Due to the invention of the automobile, people could keep their city jobs but live away from they city. This created suburbs in which white people from similar backgrounds could live in communities outside the crowded and busy cities. They were able to go on vacations and send their kids to suburban schools. They also were exposed to the television and took part in consumer crazes. Life was close to perfect and they thought everyone is America would soon be living the same life. The reality was one fifth of American were living in poverty. The fact is eighty percent of these people were in temporary poverty until they found another job. The other twenty percent was in persistent poverty though with no escapes. Most of these people were of minorities either African American or Hispanic. Due to whites moving out of the cities, they lived they migrated to the city where living conditions were now bad. Farmers were also in poverty because farm prices were declining due to surpluses even though national income had increased fifty percent. These people lived very different lifestyles, the poor was struggling to survive while the middle class was getting richer and living with luxuries. ** 5. To what extent did Eisenhower’s presidency incorporate a mix of both Republican and Democratic ideologies? ** When Eisenhower took office, the republicans of the 1920s were now coming to power in the 1925s but with somewhat different outlooks. These republicans were business leaders of large corporations. They worked to help the country but also their businesses. By helping these businesses they were also helping Americans on the workforce. Eisenhower showed hs republican side by trying to decrease government activity and increase private power. He broke his ties with the farmers and opposed any new social security programs like national health insurance. Through all of this he was able t end his first year of office with a one billion dollar budget surplus. he also mixed in some democratic policies on welfare. He didn't create any new ones but resisted the republicans trying to remove them. He did end up agreeing to expand social security and increase the hourly wage. His biggest domestic project ended u being the largest public works project in history. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 was the start of a 25 billion dollar interstate highway program that would last 10 years. Eisenhower was fought McCarthy though an investigation that leaked him as a villain, not a hero to the public. During Eisenhower's presidency he was able to pass moderate policies a avoiding new reform polices. He made sure the government remained anti communism but was able to show some restraint by not getting America that involved in military intervention. It took a mix of his true republican as well as democratic ideologies.