Unit+6

US stages from neutrality to war

 * __Economic Ties with Britian-__ The United States claimed to be 'neutral' at the beginning of the war but this was not entirely true because of their economic ties with Britain. If the United States was truly neutral, they would refuse to trade with Germany or Britain, but this didn't happen. They did what was half right, stopped trading with Germany, but continued to trade with Britain because it caused an economic boom for the economy. The British was demanding weaponry at a high rate, and the Americans were becoming prosperous by supplying.


 * __Submarine Warfare-__ The americans were already feeling sympathetic towards the British but a few upcoming events would anger them and make the public want to join the war. A British passenger ship caused the Lusitania was sunken by Germany, and 128 americans were on board and died. Germany then started to use submarine warfare to sink ships. Another french passenger ship called the Sussex, was attacked and several American passengers were injured. Germany was sinking any ship and side, not taking in consideration who's ship it actually was. The Americans were angered, and didn't consider this fair play.




 * __The Zimmerman Telegram-__ The British handed over an intercepted telegram from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman that was supposed to be sent to the Mexican government. Wilson got the telegram and it was a proposal to Mexico to join Germany. They wanted Mexico to attack America, and also told them that they could gain back their "old lands', the Midwest. America was outraged, especially the public.


 * __The Russian Revolution-__ The final straw that convinced America to join was the Russian Revolution. Russia had been taken over by a new republican government. They had before been a monarchy.Russia was one of Britain's allies, and if America joined they would be on the same side. Now they wouldn't have to deal with fighting alongside a tyrrany. America being a democracy would never want to associate in a country that practiced what they had fought for independence against. Now this was no longer an issue, and America could at last, join World War one.



Chapter 24 Preview - The New Era "The Roaring 20s"

 * excitement, powerful, busy, crowded
 * affluence- wealthy; prosperous
 * conservaticism- maintainng the status quo; not looking for change
 * cultural frivolity- carefree exciting expirimental thinking
 * tension within between the older rtaditional americans and younger liberal americans
 * 1920s = decade of probition; emergaence of alcohol black market
 * 1919- 18th amendment (probition)
 * 1920 - 19th amendment (womens sufferege
 * 1920s= decade of change in women's role in society
 * jazz, dance clubs, cirty/night life
 * decade focused on domestic issues; social, political, economic change within US
 * dramatic rise in coonsumerism - americans became a "buying culture"
 * 1929= the great depression- stockmarket, american and world economy crashes

The Self Made Man

 * idea: some one who through their own hard work and talent, becomes successful as opposed into inheritance or luck
 * decline of the self made man: now needed higher education- college and expertise-professionalism - set of expectations/standards=(education + training)
 * Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh - represented the shift from era to era - but were considered heroes in this era
 * change was because of modernization and industrialization

The Cinema

 * US became the first real movie industry, producing ten times more fiilms a year than other nations (dominated american and world market
 * due to WW1 helped fasten production in US, as it made it decline in europe (half the theaters in world were in us)
 * other counties did creeate own film industries like Indias's Bollywood
 * asian fiming inspired =violence and martial arts in american flims
 * hollywoood increases world economy because movies are shot in othe countires and paid for internationallly (non american actors + directors)

Dance Halls

 * Dancing-carefree, African American brought Jazz to urban cities
 * young people found dancing as a way to relax themselves from work, family, and school
 * Some dance halls also included showcase of bands
 * the unsavory dance halls -->prostitution, buy drugs,
 * pop among working class and immigrants (as a way to assimilate American culture)
 * different races (black) danced separately
 * escaping traditions

Social Changes of the 1920s Brainstrorm
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 * dance halls
 * movies
 * radios
 * cars
 * women roles

Chapter 25 Preview - The Great Depression

 * the stock market crashes
 * lack of diverification - wealth not spread out into different industries
 * maldistribution of wealth - moey not spread out right throughout country - big gap between lower upper an diddle class
 * declining exports - not a lot leaving country (making money from other countries)
 * sevewre contraction - production declined, as well as manufactoring
 * unemplotment and relif - belief in personal responsibiliy - people becoming so poor, only cared t take care of themselves/family
 * dust bowl - drought in texas - no crops - okies were the people who migrarted becaus eof the dust bowl
 * african merican suffereing - no white jobs= even less job opportunities fro blacks
 * hard times for blacks, asian, hispanics

1920s Boom, 1930s Bust - Causes of the Bust

 * overproduction - too much supply, but little demand
 * lack of diversification - same insustries were in power so when they crashed so did the rest of th economy (reliance on few industries) - automobile and construction
 * maldistribution of wealth - as indutrialization and agriculturre increased, less of the money fgoing to farmers - small percentage of populatiopn was making all the money - these people weren't buying because they couldn't afford it
 * consummer spending didn't match producton (supply and demand)
 * declining exports - europe had agriculture abd couldn't afford goods from US
 * unstable international debt structure - europe owed US and paying it off with more debts (loans) - outgtrowth of WW1
 * banking system -risky + unwise loans - lending too high of a percentage of their assets
 * farmers and small business men were in a lot debt
 * people were overspeculating in the stock market
 * stock market crash - panic - most people started to sell their stocks

Herbert Hoover

 * republican= conservative
 * owned a mining company and became a millionare
 * "self amde man" - was an orphan
 * "the only problem with capitalsim, is capitalists" - greediness of the tycoons
 * pushed for volunteeralism(companies woreking together to "do thr right thing"
 * "workaholic"
 * criticized and hated by americxans everywhere who blamed by him for the depresssion
 * "hoover hotel" - cardboard shack; "hooverville" - collection of them; "hoover flag" - empty pocket turned insiode out
 * didn't beliive in hand outs/welfare - believed any money gov't spent money, shoould be given back
 * tariff- tax on imports**
 * gov't uses tariffs to limit international competition - to get americasns to buy american goods**
 * Hawley Snoot Tariff angered foreign nations so europeun countries passed tariffs on american goods in response - slowed down globa; trade market even more - big mistake by Hoover**
 * Hoover got 423 million dollars from congress to fund public construction/work projects (trying to create jobs/help public scene)**

Chapter 25 Questions · more than half lived in south and were farmers = no income, so they migrated to southern cities · whites had a belief that no black man should be given a job unless all the white men have one - entitled the already small amount of money left · organizations and intimidation created to get blacks out of work · so blacks decided to go to northern cities where there was less discrimination, but still no jobs · whites demanded Spanish jobs in the southwest · whites sent Mexicans over border/deported them · those who stayed were excluded from relief programs, schools, hospitals, etc. · they were treated like foreigners even though they were Americans · Japanese treated similarly to the Hispanics, even the professionals who went to college took low paying jobs or no job · Japanese American business men created the Japanese American citizens league which assimilated them into America
 * 1) What was life like for African, Mexican, and Asian Americans during the Great Depression?**

· depression caused + strengthened belief that women should remain in the home; men didn't want women taking jobs · belief that any women who's husband had a job, couldn't get one · this didn't stop them - during the depression the largest new group of employees were mothers/wives due to being desperate · there were less professional job opportunities · "women jobs" were kept like saleswomen, waitress, operator, etc. but consumerism heavily declined · black women especially in the south faces unemployment b/c no one could afford domestic services · women who did stay home became more busy; b/c there was no money they had to produce their own food and sew own clothes · feminism at it's lowest time during depression
 * 2) What was life like for women during the GD?**

Literature, radios, and movies were played an important part in depression life because they were an escape from what was going on. For example radios were something that almost every American had so people got together to listen to it. On the radio they would listen to escapist programming which would broadcast adventures and stories of comedy. There was entertainment for everyone even housewives who listened to soap operas during the day when alone at home. Radio stations were live so they broadcasted events like the world series and the grammys, bringing the nation together. Movies were another type of cheap entertainment that were comedic centered including musicals and the creation of Walt Disney. In the literary field, the creation and popularity of Life magazine emerged. Life was known for its stunning photos of landscapes and events. In all, movies, literature, and he radio created culture in a period of sadness and despair. They brought the country together and took people's minds off of the depression and the issues within their own lives.
 * 3) To what extent did literature, radio, and movies play a role in American life during the GD?**

· his first attempt was volunteerism - tries to convince business leaders to work together to form a recovery of the economy - tried to convince corporate leaders to higher wages, hours, and not lay of workers · agricultural marketing act - a program that made it so government would buy off farmers surpluses so that none of them would lower their prices · because if they did, their competition would have to lower their prices as well · government uses tariffs to limit international competition - to get Americans to buy American goods · Hawley Snoot Tariff angered foreign nations so europium countries passed tariffs on American goods in response - slowed down global trade market even more - big mistake by Hoover · Hoover got 423 million dollars from congress to fund public construction/work projects (trying to create jobs/help public scene) · he was a conservative republican which meant he wasn't into any big changes or risks which is what America needed at the time; didn't do enough to try to fix the economy
 * 4) Describe and evaluate the Hoover Administration’s attempts to combat the GD.**

· Hoover became extremely unpopular to American citizens who blamed him for the depression · but he was re-elected by the republican party; Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated by he democrats (governor of new York) · won presidential election by a landslide= 57.4% of popular vote · the interregnum is the period between a president winning and being inaugurated into office · during this time Hoover tries to make Roosevelt make a pledge in which he promised "to maintain policies of economic orthodoxy but he refused · after the banking system collapsed Hoover tried again begging him not to change the currency, no heavy borrowing, and no unbalancing of the budget but he once again refused · this shows that Roosevelt was intending to try to end the depression and make some major changes in economic policy
 * 5) What happened in the Presidential election of 1932? What happened during the “interregnum”?**

ch26 opening page Ch 26 preview
 * ch25q3**
 * fantasyland - fancy, action, romantic etc.
 * radio - social activity - news ands entertainment
 * literature - captured the depression 0 depeicted family stories/suffering
 * the grapes of wrath sitenbeck novel and film - about migratoin family from the dustbowl to cali
 * new deal didn't rpovide ecomony
 * wrold war 2 = recovery
 * increased givt intervention in the economy - ne3 wqelfare system, major public wrorks projects - social security
 * the nnew dael wasa drastic change whch was criticized by both sides changed capitalism and america forever
 * ,commuumists - not far enough
 * conservatives- nway too far
 * bank holiday - helped bigger banksfrom little banks
 * rural electrification - e4lectricity for farmers
 * prohobition repealed - alchohol allowed again
 * AAA -act passed to reduce farming production
 * section 7 -right of unions
 * tva- govt plaaning for public development
 * CHANGEEEEE!

FRD AND THE NEW DEAL
 * tried to keep amerians out of WW2
 * because of the war, he won a third term
 * people in 1932 that lezafaire capitalism was over
 * last time it wqiuld be 4 months between election and inaugaration
 * he looked at the great depression as a war - will do anything to improve situation
 * (increased power in execultuve power) some say it was unconstitutional
 * on first day of office closed banks for four days and made poiciticans and bamkers to create a solutioin
 * speacial congress session (used democratic majority in both houses to his advantage)
 * repealed 2th amend, alcohol legal once again
 * the hundred days FDR 1933 numerous new deals progrmas rapidly passed
 * first banking then focus on jobs and argriculture
 * AAA payed farmers to grow less so they could keep their prices up (slaughter cattle and destroy crops)
 * new deal did not do anythung to adferesss racial inequality(african americans)
 * tenant farmer - rents farmland from larger land owner (renter) - offered money by govt to get rid of tenents in order to slow prodcution
 * thoufands out of work and migrate to big cities
 * CCC - gave young men jobs and made govt largest nation's employer
 * NRA- federal cotrols on american businnes - "planned economy" not capitalism
 * propoganda - publically campaign by govt FDR just wanted to "create jobs" not communism/socialism
 * francis perkind - first women in president's cabinet

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Chapter 26 Questions When FDR entered the beginning of the longest term ever, he faced the problems of the Great Depression that Hoover did hardly anything to fix. The country was in a financial crisis starting with the banks. A moth before his inauguration the banking system collapsed which was an additional crisis he would soon have to deal with. He attacked these issues during his first 100 days in office which he is famous for making drastic changes and reform programs. He then had to deal with the agricultural problem. There was a surplus of crops but no demand which caused prices to drop and farmers not making enough to survive. There was also extremely high unemployment rates. Then came inflation with the dollar. FDR would quickly work with the new deal in which he would create programs that addressed all of the nations problems and would be the satrt of the recovery of the Great Depression.
 * 1) What were the major problems FDR faced when taking over the presidency in 1932?**

FRD is famous for his first 100 ays of presidency because he made so many important changes in so little time. Now when a president is elected he is pressured t make a quick impact in the public eye. After just two days in office Roosevelt closed all American banks for four days and called a special congress session. During this "bank holiday" Hoover passed the emergency Banking ct which protected big banks from smaller ones. FDR also created the AAA which helped end farming surpluses and kept crop prices up. The NRA made businesses accept a blanket code in which their was a minimum wage and work hours. The TVA built dams so that people could rely on cheap water supply electricity. The CWA and CC both created lots of jobs fro Americans including forest work and public service projects like construction of railroads and schools. During Roosevelt's first 100 days the New Deal was put into place which created jobs and the panic to diminish. The people wee happy that someone was taking action when the country was greatly in need of it.
 * 2) What were the key aspects of his first 100 days?**

Due to the country being in a period of panic people wanted the change that FDR brought to the country. Because he was doing good things not many minded that he was using more power than any other president in history. He even sad in his inaugural speech that he would use warlike authority, This caused people in favor of it but also critics. These critics believed he was becoming a dictator. One group of critics were called the American Liberty League who were made up of some of the wealthiest Americans out there, They wanted top spread public opposition against the dictator but never expanded past the northern industrialists. there was also opposition by the radicals including the communist and socialist party but they didn't/t gain enough support to be effective. There was also those in favor of the Townsend plan which was proposed by an old California doctor who believed that the govt should gave pension to all Americans over the age of 60. This led to the social security system. another opponent of FDR who was also called a dictator was Huey Long, a governor. He proposed the share the wealth plan. The plan consisted of creating a heavy tax on wealthy people and giving the riche surplus to the rest of the people. All theses opponents gained little support and made little impact due to the popularity of Roosevelt who would be reelected four terms.
 * 3) Identify the critics of the New Deal and explain and evaluate their criticisms.**

Overall the New Deal didn't hurt African Americans. native Americans, mad women, but it didn't help them either. African did achieve important second level positions in the FDR administration and worked to together as the "black cabinet." The Indians were given back their land due to the efforts by John Collier, but these were usually the lands not wanted by whites. Of the three women were probably the most successful. The first women cabinet member was appointed, Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins. But their was also the belief that in bd rimes women should be replaced by men tin the work place. over all the New deal didn't challenge racial norms kike it challenged so many other aspects of American life. Nonwhites were paid less and women as well as non whites were excluded from several of the effective programs that evolved. In the end, not a lot was gained or lost for these groups. The government was more focused on repairing the economy and financial crisis than rights.
 * 4) To what extent was the New Deal era a successful one for African Americans, Native Americans, and women?**

The power hungry FDR wanted control in every part f the government and didn't wanted anyone to interfere with the new deal programs being put into action. One group that continued to challenge these programs as well as shut them down, including the NRA and AAA, was supreme court, Supreme Court was madd up of conservatives. FDR' plan was to add six new justices to the sourt. He claimed that the nine justices were over worked" and needed more manpower and new blood. The truth was he just wanted to add some liberal who would outvote the conservatives. This plan became known as "court pacing' and didn't gain much support. The court packing bill was defeated but somehow FDR didn't loose. He did seem to convince the justices that they were overworked because a number of them soon retired. Now Roosevelt was able to appoint new more liberal justices who would be on his side. Now he controlled the entire government and nothing could intervened with the upcoming additional new deal programs.
 * 5) Describe the collision between the New Deal and the Supreme Court.**

**Chapter 25 Top Ten**

 * **stockmarket:** In he Fall 1229 the stockmarket crashed because due to big stock price decline after a large increase of 40% the year before; belivede to be the star/cause of the great depression
 * **banking Coolapse**: banking system crashed after stock market,9000 banks went banrupt, depositers lost 2.5 billion which led to nation's money supply to decline, which led to decrease in purchasing power which led to inflation
 * **Dust Bowl:** rural conditions even worse due to the wost drought in US history, from texas to the dakotas; no ainfall+heavy heat+10years; caused farmers to leave lives to migrate to California
 * **African Americans:** more than half of vlacks lived in south and were farmers= no income=migration to the north; whites belived that they were entitled to the scarc amount of jobs available
 * **Scottsborro case;** 9 black teenagers arrested off frieght train for disorderly conduct and rape of two white women; barely any evidence and were sentenced to death; congress acquitted them
 * **discrimination:** whites demanded Japanese and Hispanic jobs just like with he African americans; Hispanics who were American deported; japanese who even had eduction couldn't find jobs
 * **Women in the Workplace:** depression strengthened the belief that women should stay home; any woman who's husband hada job should get one too
 * **Agricultural Marketing Act:** Hover's program to help farm economy befpre stock market crash; govt buys surpluses in order to keep crop prices up
 * **Demise of the Bonus Army:** WW1 veterans protested demanding their war bonus early; Hoover sent army to end it
 * **FDR nominated:** Franlin D. Rosevelt was the nominated democratic presidentional election; won by a landslide because mericans were looking for the opposite of Hoover

**Chapter 26 Top Ten**
AP US History Chapter 27 Questions
 * **bank Holiday**: after just two days in office FDR closed all banks and held a special session for congress who passed the Emergency Banking Act which protected big banks from small banks
 * **AAA:** Agricultural Adjustment Act reduced farm production t end surpluses and keep farm prices up; Agricultural Adjustment Administration, gov;t, told the farmers what to price at
 * **NRA:** National Recovery Administration tried t make every business accept a banket code of accepted minimum wage and maximum working hours; increase purchasing power + employment
 * **TVA:** Tennesee Valley Authority built dams in order to use water supply to create cheap electricity for the public
 * **CWA +CCC:** created temporary public projects jobs fro Americans; which put poured money back into the economy
 * **Social Security:**govt program in which the unemployed and retired elderly would recieve monthly checks (insurance rather than welfre)
 * **Cout Packing:** FDR tried to add 6 justices to supreme court to bring in new blood and more manpower but truthfully he wanted more liberals so that he could pass what he wanted; wasn't passed, but several justices retied shortly after
 * **Black Cabinet:** FDR appointed blacks to his administration in second level positions; consulted with each other frequently to try to include blacks in the new deal
 * **Indian problem**: John Collier worked to make it so that native americans didn't have to assimilated and could live traditionally; Indian reorganization Act gave them back some of their land 9but it was the land whites didn't want)
 * **Frances Perkins:** first women cabinet member: Secretary of Labor
 * glass steagal= banks - govt monitoring of banking systemmm fdic - bank insurane
 * WPA,wagner -- broker sate - govt supportrs certain groups

1) In what ways was America involved in WWII before being bombed at Pearl Harbor? To what extent did this involvement match the “official” foreign policy of the time?

2) What were the steps that led the U.S. to declare war and become officially involved in WWII (include dates when available)?
 * neutrality acts
 * refuesed to dimplomatically recognize Japan or send anything over due to disagreemnet invading china
 * aiding weapons to allie countries
 * loan and lease agreement which gave weapons to Britian and soviet union
 * the atlantic charter - US would secretly enter war unformally
 * thesis: America was fairly involved in WW2 before the bombing of Perarl Harbor by offering loans and armaments to the allied powers, which to a large extent contradicted its offiial positon.

There were a number of steps leading the US to join world war 2, including tensiona over loan payment, violations nod the traety of Versailles and agressive actions by the axis powers, american support of the allies, and the culiminating bombing of pearl harbor by japan. resentlent and tension from failue of payment of ww1 debts'alliance with germany and history, hitler and mussolini power

3) What is the difference between isolationism and limited American internationalism? In what ways was America practicing limited American internationalism in the years between the world wars?

iN he lead upo to joining ww11 America practiced limited internatoinalism by providing assistance ton its allies through implenamntation of the cash carry and lend lease progrmas.This was different from isolationism because it showed involvment whereas isolatrionaim would be a complete lack of involvement in foregn conflict.