Unit+8

Vietnam War Timeline

 * //1949-1953, The First Indochina War//** : After WW2 and the defeat of Japan, Vietnam was a country which be taken over by the Aliies or become independent. It was formally a french colony and France wanted to reestablish this. But the new communist and nationalist government of Vietmanh were allies of the United sates, who were also allies of France. America decided togive aid to french, paying for 80% of the war costs. In the end, Vietmanh retaliated and retook control of the vietnamese goverment by driving the frewnch out.


 * //1954,//** **//Geneva Conference//** : An international conference took place to end the Vietnam and Korean disputes. The United States was not that involved in the Vietnam part of the conference because Secretary of State Dulles, didn't believe in negotiating with communists. What was deceided weas an immediate cease fire, and split of the country into two. The Vietnamh governemnt would remain in control of north and pro western regime in the south. These two parts of the country were very distinct socially, politically, and economically.

//**1959-1963, America and Ngo Dinh Diem**// :The United Sates established a new governemnt in the south under the control of central Vietnamese aristocrat Ngo Dinh Diem with the help of the US and CIA. But do to the workings of the NLF //**1964, American Intervention :**// troops sent //**1964, Torpedo Inncedinet and the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution**// //**1967, Public Opposition**// //**1973, Vietnamization**// : Team of Kissinger and Nixon //**1970: Cambodia and Kent State**// //**1971: My Lai Massacre:**// trail of lieutenant //**Feb. 1971, Easter Offensive**// north vietnamese offense for first ime //**Dec 17 1972, Christmas Bombing**// //**April 1975, Fall of Saigon**// after america left, north korea invade and took over south korean capitol and government

Opinions
1946 -1973 (5 presidents committed to the vietnam war) america's involvement in vietnam, was direst result of truman's containment doctorine.
 * The Vietnam War was about limiting/destroying communism power within Asia which was already spreading because of Soviet Union influence.China was under communist power and they didn't want all the new nations to be under communist rule, after World War 2 and the cold war.
 * The Vietnam War was continued to be fought to keep America's reputation up, so that other countries didn't think they were "backing down" even though there was little that could be achieved for them through fighting the war. It wasa losing cause bevcas trhe americans knew that once they left, the north would eventually invade the south and try to take over.
 * To Vietnam, the war was about becoming an indepepndent nation and keeping the national and government that the people supported and wanted.
 * The US was about imperialism, the US helped south Korea in order to maintain influence within the nation.
 * selfless/humanitarian - all people deserve soutries, so US wanted ot thelp them (democracy, freedom)

the crisis of authority - challenges to power the new left - the young generation(in college and civil rights movement) born due to the baby boom after WW2 that challenged the political/social norms/traditions/values (wanted to help miniorities and reform: rights, opportunites, free speech) - a new grouip of young liberals college students felt that they didn't have the right to peacdefully assemble
 * colleges and universities
 * military

The Counter Culture

 * young americans who challenged the traditions of middle class society
 * hippies were rebellluous and smoked marajuana, self fullfillment
 * sexual revolutio due to birth control and giving into insticts.pleasure
 * Hiaght Ashbury Neighborhood were social "dropouts" who wanted to embrace naturality
 * rock n roll- the beastles, rollling stones, bob dylan - ang about controversial issues within culture like drugs and rebellion
 * created conflicts/violence because social norms were changing fast


 * **feminism** - a movement fighting for women's economic, social, and political rights
 * **women's liberation** - end of old conservative traditions - sexism, discrimination - freedom and independencce - free will/choice - from male dominance, school, workforce, home - from domestic violence, divorce rights
 * **roes vs. wade** law of privacy which legalized abortion (during first 3 months of pregnacy)

Reaganomics

 * "supply side reducing taxes and benifits ; encourage new investments
 * deregulation - limited govt role in economy 0 lots of laws and regulations were eased in EPA, etc.
 * cut federsl bvudget and govt expenses b/c eleiminiated welfare programs
 * belived in leisafaire capitaism and a conservative republican
 * SDI military program + reagon doctprine (supported any nations fighhtig comunism)
 * cut ta
 * xes, cut spending
 * favored supply businesss ppl not consumers, then they would help the rest

essay writing
 * TITLE! for open response and dbq
 * thesis goes at end of intro paragraph (general to specific)
 * don't call documents by thier letter
 * analysis
 * incorpoarte background info into DBQ

The Chicago Tribute’s 1919 political cartoon, “the closed Gate” shows that during this era, it was very hard to enter the US due to numerous immigration restrictions. According to statistics, throughout the 1920s Americans began spending more each year on consumer goods, while their debt increased as well. Many Americans lost their lives in WW1 but there were conflicts within the US too. In 1919 Bishop Hurst argued that African Americans deserved to be freed from oppression too.

**Ch 31 Top Ten**

 * **JFK Assassinated:** on Nov. 2, 1963 during a political appearance in the streets in Dallas, Oswalt shot and killed JFK; his vice president Lyndon Johnson replaces him; tragic event to entire country; shown on tv
 * **"Great Society":** reform program( domestic affairs0 accepted by congress due to "skillful lobbying" ; then democrats took back both houses of congress(more change could be done)
 * **Medicare and Medicaid:** part of new society; federal aid to elderly and medical welfare to all people of all ages; beginning of war of poverty(edu, employment, housing, healthcare)
 * **Immigration Act of 1965:** strict limit on immigrants coming into country per yr; lifted nat. origins system; restricted Latin americans but no more preference
 * **Freedom Rides:** interracial students groups rode buses in south which caused riots; JFK ordered integration of all public transportation systems(trains/buses)
 * **March on Washington:** 200,00 demonstrates marched in D.C in Aug. 1963; gathered at Lincoln Memorial where MLK Jr. made "I have a dream speech"
 * **Civil rights Act of 1965:** federal protection of African americans who tries to vote; focus of movement was able to shift to other issues
 * **Ngo Dinh Diem:** with help of American CIA, this southern Vietnam president was successful until Buddhist/ Catholic Controversy; no more support of US = his assassination with help of NLF(Nation Liberation Front)
 * **bay of Pigs:** secret US gov't mission that involved US military and exiled Cubans; tried to start in revolt with ppl but failed and removed troops
 * **Cuban Missile Crisis:** soviets building nuclear weapons in Cuba; JFK issued a blockade; but resolved when Cuba agreed to remove weapons if US promised no to take out Castro
 * **The "Kennedy Legacy":** Robert Kennedy created a platform for American liberalism through a set of ideas; use gov't power to help the powerless( as in minorities: Latinos,.blacks, and poor)

**Ch 32 Top Ten**

 * **"The New Left":** diverse group of young americans who challenged the current political system; supported minorities and inspired by civil rights moment; new generation of radicals
 * **Rock 'n' Roll:** The Beatles and the rolling stones sang about controversial topics including sex, drugs, and eastern religious; through their influence, were able to make ppl aware of social injustice and counterculture
 * **Stonewall Riot:** police attack gay nightclub; gays fought back which led to riot ; beginning of the gay liberation movement which would challenge traditional values
 * **The Feminine Mystique:** book published in 1963 which was full of stories of American women who were bored with their lives+ what they wanted to change'; sparked another feminist movement that addressed gender discrimination and lack of opportunities
 * **Roe vs. Wade:** legalized abortion within first 3 months of pregnancy; "right to privacy"
 * **Kent State:** opposition to Vietnam war was at highest point due to Cambodia bombing; riot and demonstration at Kent state Ohio in which 8 were killed; even NY times was criticizing gov't calling it a "reputation war"
 * **Fall of Saigon:** after peace treaty and american troops gone, north vietnam invaded +took over south Vietnam; yrs of war wasted for nothing
 * **EPA;** Nixon established Environmental Protection Agency who would enforce antipollution standards including clean air and water
 * OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exp. Countries middle east company took control of oil; increased price by 400%; no more easy access natural resources for US; US inflation and w. europe econ. trouble
 * **Watergate:** Nixon's Re-elect Committee broke into Watergate Democratic building in D.C; led to scandals and trials against him (inc. using unauthorized money for campaign, etc.)

**Ch 33 top Ten**

 * **Nixon Pardoned:** Gerald Ford pardoned all Nixon's charges after his resignation; decreased his popularity and made public think that their was a "secret deal" b/w the 2
 * **Camp David Accords:** Carter invited Israel and Egypt leaders to conference and persuaded them to sign a peace treaty b/w the two countries ; greatest achievement while president
 * **Sage Brush Rebellion:** the west opposed all the environmental laws/restrictions and made it seem as if west was under federal control b/c they owned so much land w/in it; didn't like gov't getting in the way of thier further development
 * **Evangelical Christianity:** Christians that beloved they were reborn after direct communication with God; opposed immorality and disorder in society b/c of pop culture; opposed femnism; larhe gropu esp. middle class and president carter
 * **Ronald Reagan:** spokesman of GE; Hollywood actor who became conservative republican president;,beloved in ind. freedom and private businesses; replacement after the fall of Ford
 * **Reaganomics:** used supply side economics to restore economy; reduces taxes and benefits; cut gov't expenses and budget; didn't help the poor
 * **Deregulation:** reducing gov't role in economy by not enforcing laws/ constrictions; let economy take control of itself which led to recession and recovery
 * **Reagan Doctrine:** US supported any country that opposed communism= more activism in 3rd world; like latin america, etc
 * **Mikhail Gorbachev:** changed soviet politics in 2 ways; openness and reform; soviet could not sustain commitments; led to drop in influence and got more socialist; end of communism threat
 * **Iran Contra Scandal:** reporting/hearing about how gov't took illegal measures in order to get forwig policy goals done; sold weapons to iran if they would resales hostages; never found out if pres. was involved

**Ch 31 Questions**

 * 1) JFK's __New Frontier__ and LBJ's __Great Society__ were both domestic plans. similar to the New Deal. Kennedy promised a set of domestic reforms including tariff reductions. He also wanted tax cuts and economic growth. This was a hard goal to accomplish because Congress was dominated by both republican and democrats conservatives. LBJ's New Society was similar to the New Frontier when it came to reform, but Johnson was more successful at actually passing bills in Congress. This was because he was a talented lobbyist and influenced them through strategies. Some of these bills were ones that democrats had been trying to enact for years. For example, he passed two welfare programs__, Medicare__ and __Medicaid__. He also created the __office of economic opportunity__ who made the __community Action Program__ which got poor people involved with helping themselves through politics. Overall, Johnson did what Kennedy wanted to but never got the chance to because of his assassination.
 * 2) By the 1960s the civil rights movement was at its peak, and became successful which caused change in the focus of the goals they had. Through MLK Jr's "peaceful protest," like sit-ins and marches, the __student nonviolent coordination committee (SNCC) and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)__ were able to integrate merchant facilities and public transportation. These successes didn't come without a cost though. There was a lot of violence that arose during the civil rights movement including __Birmingham__ and the __Watts Riot__. These riots were started by angry whites, most notably southerners. The most famous protest and highest point of the entire movement was the __March on Washington__ where the King made his world famous "I have a dream' speech. The successes included the passage of the __Voting Rights Act,__ the focus o concerns changed over to political and economic discrimination. Activist fought against job discrimination to whole new level, which caused violence in Chicago. In the end, a lt was gained for black and they were also able to become proud of their heritage and express __black power__.
 * 3) America's approach to the cold war varied during the presidencies of Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy. Truman was the president who made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan and ended WW2. He was involved in the build up of cold war and the Korean War. He sent troops to Korea right away after the Soviets did. But he didn't want to go far enough in which the US would take part in direct conflict with China. Truman wanted to drive the Soviets out of Korea, but didn't want it to become a war with numerous countries involved. Eisenhower took an even less active approach in the Vietnam war. He wanted to restrain military intervention and military development, He believed that issues at home were more important than issues abroad. Kennedy had a more flexible approach to atomic warfare and strategy. He wanted the US to meet the communists threats being aimed at the third world. He believed in the future it could be ended in the third world. In the end, the cold war was more of a conflict than a war, and lasted a long time, partly because all different types of strategies each president presented
 * 4) During the cold war. America reached a high point of social and political tension because of the civil rights movement and the war. It hadn't been this extreme since WW2 and the country was becoming chaotic do t differences in beliefs and opinions. As he election of 1968 came closer, Lyndon Johnson was running for re election but his popularity was diminishing due to nation wide opposition to war. When Robert Kennedy joined the running, Johnson dropped out of the race, knowing he wouldn't won. Kennedy was anti war and pro civil rights which ,made him a pubic favorite. But then Vice President Herbert Humphrey joined as well, and took the lead. On the conservative side was George Wallace who was anti civil rights, but never was able to be a major threat. Republican Richard Nixon who appealed to the middle class who wee tired of sacrifices and obligations to civil right and the poor). Because of this, he came out victorious, even though it was a narrow win.

Ch 32 Questions

 * 1) In America in the 1960s and 1970s, fifty percent of the population was under the age of thirty. This new youth culture broke off into __the New Left__ and the counter culture which were both liberal, but the counter culture was more extreme. It was a movement of rebels who transformed pop culture in American society. The __hippies__ stood out by wearing exhilarant colors and by smoking marijuana. They were more open to sexuality, believing in letting into one's instincts. There was so the emergence of __rock and roll bands__ like the Rolling Stones an the Beatles who sang about sex and drugs. Celebrities were idols so what they believed and expressed influenced the public as well. All these social changed were depicted through movies, TV shows and writing. The counterculture was a complete rejection to norms, but all it did was change these norms into the new ones. It started out as a small group of people but become nationwide and accepted by mostly all Americans.
 * 2) Of all the American minorities, grievances for the native Americans were the worst. This was partly due to their smallness in size, making up less than one percent of the population. Their family income was extremely low and the unemployment rates were increasingly high. Most of them had kept themselves isolated from society for so long, by staying in reservations,. During the post war era, several laws and policies were passed that forced native Americans to assimilate into society. The termination policy of 1953, the federal government no longer recognized them separate from the state government. overall it was a failure and only weakened the few tribes left. But in 1961 the American Indian Movement was made and in 1968, Congress passed the Indian Civil Rights Act which gave them the protection of the bill of rights. In the end it gave the Indians more power and changed some of the discrimination against them. A rapidly growing minority in the US was Latino Americans who came from Cuban and Puerto Rico. In the west and the south, Mexican Americans took up a major part of the population, Latinos took a lot longer to develop political influence than other minorities but an example in which they did was the Chicanos, a Texan political party.. Cesar Chavez formed a strike and created a farm workers union. Because there were many language barriers, they were able to influence supreme court to rule that school could be taught in native languages. Bilingualism was one of their biggest accomplishments.
 * 3) In the 1960s homosexuals fought for political and economic rights, but also social acceptance. For years many homosexuals had to hid their sexuality or live isolated from society. There were many political figures, writers, and celebrities that were gay but were never know to be until after their death. On June 27, 1969 new York police offices raided a gay nightclub called Stonewall inn and arrested people there. This had gone on for years except this time the homosexuals fought back by attacking the police. The Stone wall Riot, as it would be soon called, was the beginning of the gay liberation movement. The biggest impact of the movement was in the end gays looked at themselves differently. Many were able to come out and not be sorry for who they were. They wanted homosexuality to be considered normal and by the 1980s the movement was highly successful. The discovery of ADS made the movement even stronger and many openly gay politicians won office, as well as colleges created gay studies programs. President George W Bush passed n amendment making same sex marriage illegal and many states agreed with this, which was shown through 2004 voting.
 * 4) The New Feminism of the 1960s and 1970s brought back the fight against sexual discrimination that had been weak for 40 years after the right for women's suffrage was passed. The 1963 publication titled __the Feminine Mystique__ was the first event that inspired women's liberation during this era. It was interviews of women all over the country who were upset with their boring suburb lives in which they were "buried alive." This caused achievements like the passage of the __Equal Pay Act and Title VII__. I 1966 __the National Organization for Women (NOW__) was created and demanded better educational opportunities for women and fighting hr traditional concept of marriage and a woman's role in it. By the early 1970s many highly considered colleges admitted women like, like Yale and Princeton. Several women served as cabinet member, governors, and other government positions in the early 1990s. __The Equal rights acts__ was never passed, due to people afraid it would disrupt traditional social patterns. One of the biggest achievements for women's was the legalization of abortion ruled in the __Roe v. Wade case__. This gave the" right to privacy" and abortion within the first three months of pregnancy. Overall I think that it was a successful movement because this time around it made a full impact and changed social and political roles in society, in the favor of women for once.